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Multiplexed patterns of hydrogels and phospholipids with fluorescent dyes are accomplished by dip‐pen nanolithography® (DPN®). For example, four different dye‐labeled hydrogel dot arrays are DPN® patterned within 50×50 µm2 area, and two different dye‐doped phospholipids dots and letters with less than 1 µm line‐width are also DPN® patterned. We demonstrate that multi‐ink patterns with precise alignment...
Lipids form the structural and functional basis of biological membranes, and methods for studying their self‐organization in well‐defined nano‐ and micro‐scale model systems can provide insights into biology. Using lipids as an ink for dip‐pen nanolithography (lipid DPN) permits the rapid nanostructuring of multicomponent model lipid membrane systems, but this technique has so far been limited to...
We report a molecular dynamics simulation of the nanometer water meniscus formed in dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN). When an atomic force microscope tip is in contact with a surface, the meniscus is significantly asymmetric around the tip axis. The meniscus as a whole can move away from the tip axis due to surface diffusion. The structure of the meniscus fluctuates and its periphery has a finite thickness...
Dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning probe‐based technique that allows for direct delivery of molecules to a range of substrates with sub‐50 nm resolution. This study describes the effect of organic solvent vapor on the deposition rate and feature size of nanostructures deposited via DPN. The transport rate of model molecular inks, 1‐octadecanethiol, and 16‐mercaptohexadecanoic acid were examined...
Scanning probe lithography (SPL) has witnessed a dramatic transformation with the advent of two‐dimensional (2D) probe arrays. Although early work with single probes was justifiably assessed as being too slow to practically apply in a nanomanufacturing context, we have recently demonstrated throughputs up to 3×107 µm2/h—in some cases exceeding e‐beam lithography—using centimeter square arrays of 55,000...
In this manuscript we demonstrate the spatially controlled immobilization of ferritin proteins by directly writing them on a wide range of substrates of technological interest. Optical and fluorescence microscopy, AFM and TOF‐SIMS studies confirm the successful deposition of the protein on those surfaces. Control on nanostructure shape and size, by miniaturizing the dot‐like features down to a 100...
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were synthesized on nanopatterned catalysts. The catalyst nanoparticles were obtained using dip pen nanolithographytechnique. Dip pen nanolithography technique was used to deposit NiCl2 nanopatterns with sub‐200 nm feature sizes on a silicon substrate. The deposited features were verified by using lateral force microscopy. The substrate was then placed in a plasma‐enhanced chemical...
There has been extensive interest in the micro and nanoscale manipulation of various substrates in the past few decades. One promising technique is dip‐pen nanolithography which has shown the capability to pattern substrates of all forms including, tissue‐derived substrates. Patterning of tissue‐derived substrates is of particular interest, as it would facilitate studies into controlling cell morphology...
The atomic force microscope (AFM) has evolved from an imaging device into a multifunctional and powerful toolkit for probing the nanostructures and surface components on the exterior of bacterial cells. Currently, the area of application spans a broad range of interesting fields from materials sciences, in which AFM has been used to deposit patterns of thiol‐functionalized molecules onto gold substrates,...
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool for microbiological investigation. This versatile technique cannot only image cellular surfaces at high resolution, but also measure many forms of fundamental interactions over scales ranging from molecules to cells. In this work, we review the recent development of AFM applications in the microbial area. We discuss several approaches for using AFM...
Collagen adsorption and the morphology of its assemblies at polymer surface play an important role in improving the biocompatibility of materials. In this study, the nanoscale organization of type I collagen on Polylactide (PLA) was observed directly by high‐resolution atomic force microscopy. The results show that the supramolecular structure of adsorbed collagen was affected by the concentration...
Scanning electron microscope evaluation could be criticized if the method adopted to correct for bias is not specified in the study design. Observers can draw conclusions from images unconsciously chosen to best support their research hypotheses, impairing the basic research principle of operator's impartiality. In this study, a systematic observation method has been described and verified for repeatability...
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has proven itself over recent years as an essential tool for the analysis of microbial systems. This article will review how AFM has been used to study microbial systems to provide unique insight into their behavior and relationship with their environment. Immobilization of live cells has enabled AFM imaging and force measurement to provide understanding of the structure...
A new cryo‐scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐STEM) technique for imaging casein micelles in a field emission scanning electron microscope is presented. Thin films of micellar casein suspensions on lacey carbon grids were prepared using a modified sample holder developed by Gatan UK. Bright and dark field images were obtained at −135°C showing casein micelles in their frozen hydrated...
Surface metrology techniques that are non‐perturbing (non‐contact, non‐invasive, and non‐destructive) are well suited to in situ surface studies of historical and fine art photographs. They allow for the quantitative examination of the microstructure of the photograph surface, thereby, offering an important advancement in the examination, documentation, and characterization of silver gelatin photographs...
Because of the interaction between probes and samples, pollutants in buffer solution or in the air would easily bind to probes and make the probe polluted, which might influence the morphological and mechanical measurements with atomic force microscopy. The polluted probes might transfer the pollutants onto the samples and thus change the surface ultrastructure of samples, or collect the deviated...
A new method for applying statistical techniques with small data sets in surface metrology is demonstrated. This method allows for surfaces or surface‐creation processes to be differentiated with as few as six measurement regions. A case study in surface roughness of single point incremental forming is used to demonstrate this method because previous work in this area has not provided quantitative...
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